Java 集合框架系列(七)Map 接口的使用场景总结

java.util.Map 用于映射键值对(map keys to values)。

本文总结了几种 Map 的使用场景,例如:

  • 如何实现有序遍历;
  • 如何实现缓存淘汰策略;
  • 如何解决 Top K 问题。

创建 Map

使用 Guava 快速创建不可变的 Map:

1
Map<String, String> map = ImmutableMap.of("A", "Apple", "B", "Boy", "C", "Cat");

使用 Guava 快速创建指定 initialCapacity 初始容量的 Map:

1
Maps.newHashMapWithExpectedSize(10);

Guava 的 Maps 还提供了更多的 API,可以自行研究使用。

实现有序遍历

集合视图

Map 接口提供了三种集合视图(collection views):

Map Views

注意:从 keySet() 返回类型可知,由于受限于 Set 的三大特性之一「互异性」,Map 不能包含重复的键(Key)。两个键重复与否取决于 equalshashCode() 方法。

Many methods in Collections Framework interfaces are defined in terms of the equals method. For example, the specification for the containsKey(Object key) method says: “returns true if and only if this map contains a mapping for a key k such that (key==null ? k==null : key.equals(k)).” This specification should not be construed to imply that invoking Map.containsKey with a non-null argument key will cause key.equals(k) to be invoked for any key k. Implementations are free to implement optimizations whereby the equals invocation is avoided, for example, by first comparing the hash codes of the two keys. (The Object.hashCode() specification guarantees that two objects with unequal hash codes cannot be equal.) More generally, implementations of the various Collections Framework interfaces are free to take advantage of the specified behavior of underlying Object methods wherever the implementor deems it appropriate.

hashCode 需要遵循以下规则:

equals_and_hashcode

遍历 API

Java 提供了下面几种 API 用于遍历 Map 接口的三种集合视图(collection views):

The order of a map is defined as the order in which the iterators on the map’s collection views return their elements. Some map implementations, like the TreeMap class, make specific guarantees as to their order; others, like the HashMap class, do not.

内部循环 API

1
2
// key 遍历
map.forEach((key, value) -> {});

外部循环 API

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
// key 遍历
for (String key : map.keySet()) {}

// value 遍历
for (String value : map.values()) {}

// entry 遍历
for (Map.Entry<String, String> entry : map.entrySet()) {}
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
// entry 显式迭代器
Iterator<Map.Entry<String, String>> it = map.entrySet().iterator();
while (it.hasNext()) {
Map.Entry<String, String> entry = it.next();
}

// foreach 循环增强,不再需要显式迭代器,简化迭代集合操作
for (Map.Entry<String, String> entry : map.entrySet()) {}

map_entryset

遍历顺序

遍历顺序取决于 Map 接口使用了何种数据结构实现。

众所周知,散列表这种动态数据结构虽然支持非常高效的数据插入、删除、查找操作(平均时间复杂度都为常数阶 O(1)),但由于散列表中的数据都是通过散列函数运算之后无序存储的,因此散列表的遍历结果也是无序的,例如 HashMap

要实现某种有序遍历的解决方案:

  • 排序算法。每当我们希望按照某种顺序遍历散列表中的数据时,自行将散列表中的数据拷贝到数组中,然后通过某种排序算法完成排序,再进行遍历。但如此一来,效率势必会很低。

  • 换一种数据结构实现,例如:红黑树(TreeMap)。

  • 设计一种复合型数据结构,例如将散列表与链式队列结合在一起(LinkedHashMap),实现某种排序,从而达到有序遍历。

无序(no order)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
/**
* HashMap 按散列函数(取余运算)后获得的索引顺序进行存储
*
* (32, 1), 32 % 16 = 0
* (16, 2), 16 % 16 = 0
* (65, 4), 65 % 16 = 1
* (4, 5), 4 % 16 = 4
* (15, 3), 15 % 16 = 15
*/
@Test
public void testHashMap() {
Map<Integer, String> map = new HashMap<>(16);
map.put(32, "1");
map.put(16, "2");
map.put(15, "3");
map.put(65, "4");
map.put(4, "5");
map.forEach((key, value) -> log.info("({}, {}), {} % 16 = {}", key, value, key, key % 16));
}

按自然顺序(natual order)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
/**
* TreeMap 按自然顺序进行排序(红黑树实现,查找的时间复杂度为 O(log(n)))
*
* (4, 5)
* (15, 3)
* (16, 2)
* (32, 1)
* (65, 4)
*/
@Test
public void testTreeMap() {
// Map<Integer, String> map = new TreeMap<>((o1, o2) -> o1.compareTo(o2));
// Map<Integer, String> map = new TreeMap<>(Comparator.naturalOrder());
Map<Integer, String> map = new TreeMap<>();
map.put(32, "1");
map.put(16, "2");
map.put(15, "3");
map.put(65, "4");
map.put(4, "5");
map.forEach((key, value) -> log.info("({}, {})", key, value));
}

排序由键(Key)的自然顺序决定,通过 ComparatorComparable

按插入顺序(insertion order)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
/**
* LinkedHashMap 大部分构造方法 默认按插入顺序进行排序(accessOrder=false)。底层维护了一个链式队列,可用于实现 FIFO 缓存淘汰策略
*
* (32, 1)
* (16, 2)
* (15, 3)
* (65, 4)
* (4, 5)
*/
@Test
public void testLinkedHashMap() {
Map<Integer, String> map = new LinkedHashMap<>(16);
map.put(32, "1");
map.put(16, "2");
map.put(15, "3");
map.put(65, "4");
map.put(4, "5");
map.forEach((key, value) -> log.info("({}, {})", key, value));
}

按访问顺序(access order)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
/**
* LinkedHashMap 唯一一个构造方法 用于按访问顺序进行排序(accessOrder=true)。底层维护了一个链式队列,可用于实现 LRU 缓存淘汰策略
* (15, 3)
* (65, 4)
* (4, 5)
* (16, 2)
* (32, 1)
*/
@Test
public void testLinkedHashMap2() {
Map<Integer, String> map = new LinkedHashMap<>(16, .75F, true);
map.put(32, "1");
map.put(16, "2");
map.put(15, "3");
map.put(65, "4");
map.put(4, "5");

map.get(16);
map.get(32);

map.forEach((key, value) -> log.info("({}, {})", key, value));
}

数据结构实现

HashMap

参考:《Map 接口的散列表实现总结

TreeMap

红黑树实现。

LinkedHashMap

LinkedHashMap 继承自 HashMap,是一种复合型数据结构。它在散列表的基础上,通过维护一个有界队列(双向链表实现)来实现「键值对」排序。

注意:LinkedHashMap 中的“Linked”实际上是指「链式队列」,而非指用链表法解决散列冲突。

这种行为适用于一些特定应用场景,例如:构建一个空间占用敏感的有限资源池,按某种淘汰策略自动淘汰「过期」元素:

排序方式 使用场景
按插入顺序(accessOrder = false 实现 FIFO 缓存淘汰策略
按访问顺序(accessOrder = true 实现 LRU 缓存淘汰策略

通过源码分析,LinkedHashMap 继承自 HashMap,同时 LinkedHashMap 的节点 Entry 也继承自 HashMapNode,并且在此基础上增加了两个属性:

  • 前驱节点 Entry<K, V> before
  • 后继节点 Entry<K, V> after

LinkedHashMap Entry

通过这两个属性就可以维护一条有序排列的双向链表,如下图:

LinkedHashMap Entry

实现缓存淘汰策略

FIFO (First In First Out)

FIFO (First In First Out)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
/**
* (1: one) removed
* (2: two) removed
* (3, three) hit
* (4, four) hit
* (5, five) hit
*/
@Test
public void FIFO() {
Map<Integer, String> map = new LinkedHashMap<Integer, String>(3, .75F, false) {
@Override
protected boolean removeEldestEntry(Map.Entry eldest) {
if (size() > 3) {
log.info("({}: {}) removed", eldest.getKey(), eldest.getValue());
return true;
} else {
return false;
}
}
};
map.put(1, "one");
map.put(2, "two");
map.put(3, "three");
map.get(1);
map.put(4, "four");
map.get(3);
map.put(5, "five");
map.forEach((key, value) -> log.info("({}, {}) hit", key, value));
}

LRU (Least Recently Used)

LRU (Least Recently Used)

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
/**
* (2: two) removed
* (1: one) removed
* (4, four) hit
* (3, three) hit
* (5, five) hit
*/
@Test
public void LRU() {
Map<Integer, String> map = new LinkedHashMap<Integer, String>(3, .75F, true) {
@Override
protected boolean removeEldestEntry(Map.Entry eldest) {
if (size() > 3) {
log.info("({}: {}) removed", eldest.getKey(), eldest.getValue());
return true;
} else {
return false;
}
}
};
map.put(1, "one");
map.put(2, "two");
map.put(3, "three");
map.get(1);
map.put(4, "four");
map.get(3);
map.put(5, "five");
map.forEach((key, value) -> log.info("({}, {}) hit", key, value));
}

LFU (Least Frequently Used)

LFU (Least Frequently Used)

实现合并

Modifier and Type Method and Description
default V merge(K key, V value, BiFunction<? super V,? super V,? extends V> remappingFunction)
If the specified key is not already associated with a value or is associated with null, associates it with the given non-null value.

Merging Two Maps with Java 8

实现计数器

Java 8 为 Map 接口引入了一组新的 default 默认方法,用于简化 Map 的日常使用。API 如下:

Modifier and Type Method and Description
default V putIfAbsent(K key, V value)
If the specified key is not already associated with a value (or is mapped to null) associates it with the given value and returns null, else returns the current value.
default V computeIfAbsent(K key, Function<? super K,? extends V> mappingFunction)
If the specified key is not already associated with a value (or is mapped to null), attempts to compute its value using the given mapping function and enters it into this map unless null.
default V computeIfPresent(K key, BiFunction<? super K,? super V,? extends V> remappingFunction)
If the value for the specified key is present and non-null, attempts to compute a new mapping given the key and its current mapped value.
default V compute(K key, BiFunction<? super K,? super V,? extends V> remappingFunction)
Attempts to compute a mapping for the specified key and its current mapped value (or null if there is no current mapping).

要实现类似 Redis 散列表的原子递增命令 HINCRBY key field increment 的效果,使用 compute 实现的代码,对比传统代码更紧凑:

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
private static final Map<String, Integer> IP_STATS = new HashMap<>();

// 老版本
public synchronized int oldIpStats(String ip) {
if (!IP_STATS.containsKey(ip)) {
IP_STATS.put(ip, 1);
} else {
IP_STATS.put(ip, IP_STATS.get(ip) + 1);
}
return IP_STATS.get(ip);
}

// 新版本
public synchronized int newIpStats(String ip) {
return IP_STATS.compute(ip, (key, oldValue) -> {
if (oldValue == null) {
return 1;
} else {
return oldValue + 1;
}
});
}

最终结果:

1
2
3
4
5
6
// result is 1
log.info("result is {}", newIpStats("127.0.0.1"));
// result is 2
log.info("result is {}", newIpStats("127.0.0.1"));
// result is 3
log.info("result is {}", newIpStats("127.0.0.1"));

解决 Top K 问题

解题思路:

  • 数据规模大的,就先分而治之(hash 映射);
  • 数据规模小的:
    • 首先,按「键值对」保存统计数据(key 为关键字,value 为统计次数)
    • 然后,按「值」倒序
    • 最后,取 Top K 个「键」
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
/**
* 统计 N 个随机数中最热门的 K 个
*/
@Test
public void topK() {
int N = 100;
// 「键值对」底层实现使用散列表即可,因为无须有序
Map<Integer, Integer> numStats = Maps.newHashMapWithExpectedSize(N);

Random random = new Random();
for (int i = 0; i < N; i++) {
int num = random.nextInt(10);
// 首先,按「键值对」保存统计数据(key 为关键字,value 为统计次数)
numStats.compute(num, (key, oldVal) -> {
if (oldVal == null) {
return 1;
} else {
return oldVal + 1;
}
});
}
log.info("Before sort:");
numStats.forEach((key, val) -> log.info("({}, {})", key, val));

log.info("After sorted by statistics desc:");
// 然后,按「值」倒序
List<Map.Entry<Integer, Integer>> entries = new ArrayList<>(numStats.entrySet());
entries.sort(Map.Entry.comparingByValue(Comparator.reverseOrder()));
// 最后,取 Top K 个「键」
entries.forEach(entry -> log.info("({}, {})", entry.getKey(), entry.getValue()));
}

输出结果:

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
Before sort:
(0, 12)
(1, 15)
(2, 6)
(3, 8)
(4, 12)
(5, 16)
(6, 5)
(7, 10)
(8, 9)
(9, 7)

After sorted by statistics desc:
(5, 16)
(1, 15)
(0, 12)
(4, 12)
(7, 10)
(8, 9)
(3, 8)
(9, 7)
(2, 6)
(6, 5)

解码 Huffman coding

参考维基百科 Huffman coding 的定义:

In computer science and information theory, a Huffman code is a particular type of optimal prefix code that is commonly used for lossless data compression.

前缀编码(prefix code) 的定义:

如果在一个编码方案中,任何一个编码都不是其它任何编码的前缀(最左子串),则称该编码是前缀编码。前缀编码可以保证对压缩数据进行解码时不产生二义性,确保正确解码。

前缀编码有两种编码方案:

Huffman coding 是一种最优前缀编码,属于不等长编码方案。

参考:https://www.csdn.net/tags/MtTaMgysMjE3NjItYmxvZwO0O0OO0O0O.html

题目:已知字符对应的前缀编码表,给定一串编码,将其解码为字符串。

解答:https://blog.csdn.net/qq_45273552/article/details/109176832

参考

https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/java/util/Map.html

Guava 源码分析之Cache的实现原理